For F-1 international students in the U.S., gaining practical work experience is essential for both academic and professional development. To support this, the U.S. government offers two key work authorization options: Curricular Practical Training (CPT) and Optional Practical Training (OPT).
CPT enables students to participate in work opportunities directly linked to their academic programs, such as internships or cooperative education. On the other hand, OPT provides broader flexibility, allowing students to gain hands-on experience in roles related to their field of study, either during or after completing their degree.
This article simplifies the differences between CPT and OPT, covering their unique features, eligibility requirements, and application processes. It aims to help F-1 students make well-informed decisions about which option best aligns with their academic journey and career goals.
What is Curricular Practical Training (CPT)?
Curricular Practical Training (CPT) is a work authorization program for F-1 international students in the U.S., enabling them to gain practical experience directly related to their academic curriculum. It is designed to integrate employment opportunities, such as internships or cooperative education, into a student’s degree program.
- Purpose: Allows students to participate in work experiences, such as internships, practicums, or co-ops, that are an integral part of their academic curriculum.
- Eligibility: Students must maintain valid F-1 status and have completed one full academic year of study (exceptions exist for graduate students if required by their program).
- Connection to Curriculum: The work experience must be tied to a course or degree requirement.
- Type of Employment: Can be part-time (20 hours or less) during the academic term or full-time during school breaks.
- Approval Process: Requires authorization from the school’s Designated School Official (DSO) and must be mentioned on the student’s Form I-20.
- Employer Specific: Students can only work for the employer and in the position approved under CPT.
- Paid or Unpaid: CPT can include both paid and unpaid positions, as long as they meet the academic requirement.
- Duration: No fixed limit, but students who use 12 months or more of full-time CPT lose their eligibility for OPT.
Note: CPT helps students gain real-world skills while completing their degree, ensuring the experience aligns closely with their academic program.
What is Optional Practical Training (OPT)?
Optional Practical Training (OPT) is a work authorization program for F-1 international students, allowing them to gain practical work experience related to their field of study. OPT provides more flexibility compared to CPT, as it is not tied to specific academic courses.
- Purpose: Allows students to work in jobs directly related to their major field of study, helping them apply classroom knowledge in real-world settings.
- Eligibility: Available both before graduation (pre-completion) and after graduation (post-completion). Requires students to maintain valid F-1 status and complete at least one full academic year of study.
- Duration: OPT offers up to 12 months of work authorization, with a 24-month extension available for F-1 students in STEM fields (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics) for post-completion OPT.
- Flexibility: Unlike CPT, OPT is not tied to a specific academic course, allowing students to work in a broader range of jobs related to their degree.
- Approval Process: Requires approval from USCIS (United States Citizenship and Immigration Services).
- Work Hours: Pre-completion OPT is part-time (20 hours/week) during the academic term and full-time during breaks, while post-completion OPT is typically full-time (40 hours/week).
Note: OPT offers greater freedom in job selection, making it an attractive option for students seeking to enhance their career prospects in the U.S.
Key Differences Between CPT and OPT
Topics | CPT | OPT |
Purpose | Academic requirement | Broader work experience opportunity |
Authorization | School’s DSO | USCIS approval |
Timing | During the academic program | Before or after graduation |
Employment Type | Must be related to coursework | Must be in the field of study |
Hours Allowed | Part-time or full-time | Full-time post-completion |
How to Choose Between CPT and OPT
Purpose of Work Authorization:
- Choose CPT if your academic program requires practical training, internships, or cooperative education directly tied to coursework.
- Opt for OPT if you want more flexibility in job options, especially after graduation, as it’s not linked to specific courses.
Timing:
- CPT is only available during your academic program and must be completed before graduation.
- OPT offers options for work before graduation (pre-completion) or after graduation (post-completion).
Work Scope:
- CPT is tied to a specific employer and role related to your academic curriculum.
- OPT allows for a broader range of job opportunities as long as they are related to your field of study.
Long-term Career Goals:
- Use CPT if you want to gain academic-related work experience and fulfill course requirements.
- Choose OPT to explore diverse career opportunities and build professional experience, particularly in preparation for a longer stay in the U.S.
Eligibility and Restrictions:
- CPT requires a job offer before applying, whereas OPT does not require one at the time of application.
- Using 12 months of full-time CPT makes you ineligible for OPT.
Step-by-Step Guide to Applying for CPT and OPT
Applying for Curricular Practical Training (CPT)
1. Eligibility: CPT is available to F-1 students who have completed at least one academic year at their institution (with some exceptions for graduate students).
2. Steps to Apply:
- Consult your Designated School Official (DSO) to confirm eligibility.
- Obtain a job offer related to your field of study (a signed offer letter is typically required).
- Submit the CPT application to your school, including required documents such as the job offer letter and proof of enrollment in the related course.
- Wait for school approval and issuance of an updated I-20 form authorizing CPT.
- Processing Time: Processing is typically done by the school and can take a few days to a couple of weeks.
3. For OPT (Optional Practical Training)
- Eligibility: OPT is available to F-1 students both during and after completing their academic program. Students must not have used 12 months of full-time CPT to be eligible.
4. Steps to Apply:
- Consult your DSO to confirm eligibility.
- Submit Form I-765 (Application for Employment Authorization) to USCIS with the required fee and documents, such as your updated I-20, passport copy, and photos.
- Wait for a receipt notice and Employment Authorization Document (EAD) approval from USCIS.
5. Processing Time: USCIS processing for OPT applications can take 90–120 days.
How Kodem Law Can Help You?
CPT and OPT offer F-1 students valuable opportunities to gain practical work experience in the U.S., enhancing their academic and professional growth. Navigating these programs requires understanding their differences, application processes, and compliance requirements. Early planning and adherence to immigration rules are crucial for success.
Kodem Law provides personalized guidance to help you choose the right program, streamline applications, and meet regulatory requirements, including STEM OPT extensions. With tailored solutions and expert advice, we minimize risks and help you focus on achieving your career goals stress-free.
Frequently Asked Questions: CPT & OPT
Q1. Can I use both CPT and OPT during my F-1 program?
Yes, you can use both CPT and OPT as long as you meet the eligibility criteria for each. However, if you use 12 months of full-time CPT, you may no longer be eligible for OPT.
Q2. Do I need a job offer to apply for OPT?
No, a job offer is not required to apply for OPT. You can apply for it based on your eligibility and find a job afterward.
Q3. How long does it take to process OPT and CPT applications?
CPT processing is usually completed by your school within a few days to weeks. OPT applications, submitted to USCIS, typically take 90–120 days for approval.
Q4. Can I extend my OPT if I am in a STEM field?
Yes, students in STEM fields can apply for a 24-month STEM OPT extension, provided their employer participates in E-Verify and meets the extension requirements.
